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In electromagnetic simulations performed in specialized tools such as CST Studio Suite, a port is a defined interface through which electromagnetic energy enters or exits the system. It serves as a connection point between the device and the external environment, enabling the excitation of the model or the measurement of its response. Ports represent the

Electromagnetic (EM) simulation involves using computational models to predict how electric and magnetic fields interact with various materials, components, and structures by solving Maxwell’s equations. Instead of relying on physical prototypes, we can employ these simulations to analyze and visualize how electromagnetic waves propagate and behave in complex environments. This approach streamlines the design and

Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves formed by the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave travel. Unlike mechanical waves like sound or water waves which travel through matter by molecular collisions, EM waves do not need a physical medium and can travel through

Hyperelastic materials undergo large deformations without any permanent damage and return to their initial state when unloaded. This behavior arises from their highly elastic molecular structure, which allows the material to store and release significant amounts of strain energy. The unique property for hyperelastic materials comes from their distinct molecular arrangement composed of long, flexible,

The fundamental equation governing linear static problems in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tools like Abaqus is KU = F, where the global stiffness matrix (K) multiplied by the unknown displacement vector (U) equals the external force vector (F). This equation captures the complete physical behavior of the system, including material stiffness, geometric properties of the

In a CFD simulation (see FMK in the 3DEXPERIENCE and PowerFLOW) that involves wall-bounded flows, it is crucial to accurately predict the behavior of the turbulent boundary layer. Accurate prediction of the turbulent boundary layer dictates the ability of the CFD simulation to accurately predict forces exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces such

Fatigue refers to weakening of the material when subjected to repeated loads. In real life scenario, take a paperclip which is robust and strong at the beginning of its life. But when it is used repeatedly, you observe that it becomes easier and easier to bend. It might eventually break at a force far less

Creep failure occurs in a material when it is subjected to constant load over prolonged periods of time. This is permanent deformation occurring in the material due its inherent atomic or molecular structure. This failure occurs when the stresses are well below the yield stress of the material. Understanding and accounting for creep behavior is

Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy in the form of heat from one system to another. For example, consider a pot of water being heated by an electric stovetop. Here, heat is transferred from the hot stovetop to the pot, from the pot to the water, and from both the heat pot and

Composites are made of two or more dissimilar materials which have different physical and chemical properties. These materials are combined to obtain the most desirable properties from the individual elements. The individual components within the finished composite remain separate and distinct, thus differentiating composites from solid alloys and mixtures. There are several types of composite